Evolution FAILS in the Human Body |does not succeed|||| Evoluce v lidském těle selhává Die Evolution versagt im menschlichen Körper Evolution FAILS in the Human Body La evolución fracasa en el cuerpo humano L'evoluzione fallisce nel corpo umano 人体における進化の失敗 인체의 진화 실패 Evolutie faalt in het menselijk lichaam Ewolucja zawodzi w ludzkim ciele A evolução falha no corpo humano Эволюция потерпела неудачу в человеческом теле Evolutionen MISSLYCKAS i människokroppen Evrim İnsan Vücudunda Başarısız Oldu 人体进化失败 人体进化失败 人體進化失敗

Hey smart people, Joe here. Hej chytří lidé, tady Joe. Ciao gente intelligente, sono Joe.

Bodies. Bodies reference Těla. Corpi. Corpos.

We've all got ‘em. Všichni je máme. Todos los tenemos. Tutti ne abbiamo. Todos nós temos.

Couldn't live without ‘em! could not||| Nemohl bez nich žít! Non potrei vivere senza!

But why are they so dumb and unreliable?! |||||stupid||not trustworthy Ale proč jsou tak hloupí a nespolehliví?! Ma perché sono così stupidi e inaffidabili?! Mas por que eles são tão burros e pouco confiáveis?!

I don't know if it's because I just got over a sinus infection or because my wife |||||||||||nasal|infection||||spouse Nevím, jestli je to proto, že jsem právě překonal infekci dutin, nebo proto, že moje žena Não sei se é porque acabei de superar uma sinusite ou porque minha esposa

just had knee surgery, or maybe it's just me getting older and hurting more… ||knee|knee operation|||||||aging||experiencing pain| právě jsem prodělal operaci kolene, nebo možná jen stárnu a víc mě bolí… acabei de fazer uma cirurgia no joelho, ou talvez seja apenas eu envelhecendo e doendo mais...

I'M A MILLENNIAL!! but I have been noticing lately that the human |||||||observing|recently||| JSEM MILÉNIÁL!! ale v poslední době jsem si všiml, že člověk EU SOU UM MILLENNIAL!! mas tenho notado ultimamente que o ser humano

body… it's got a lot of problems. ||||||issues tělo... má spoustu problémů.

And this video is a big long rant about a bunch of ‘em. |||||||speech or discourse|||||

I mean don't get me wrong, humans are really awesome. Nechápejte mě špatně, lidé jsou opravdu úžasní. Quero dizer, não me interpretem mal, os humanos são realmente incríveis.

Look at all we can do! Podívejte se, co všechno umíme! Veja tudo o que podemos fazer!

It's just that, there's so much about our bodies that is flawed. |||||||||||imperfect Jde jen o to, že na našich tělech je tolik chyb.

Like, so many of our parts wear down or are easy to break, and others look like Ikea furniture |||||components|deteriorate|||||||||||flat-pack|Ikea furniture Jako, tolik našich dílů se opotřebovává nebo se snadno rozbije a jiné vypadají jako nábytek z Ikea Like, so many of our parts wear down or are easy to break, and others look like Ikea furniture Muchas de nuestras piezas se desgastan o se rompen con facilidad, y otras parecen muebles de Ikea. Tipo, muitas de nossas peças se desgastam ou são fáceis de quebrar, e outras parecem móveis da Ikea

would look if you accidentally threw away the instructions before putting it together… ||||by mistake||||assembly guide|||| vypadalo by to, kdybyste omylem zahodili návod, než to složíte… se vería si accidentalmente tiraras las instrucciones antes de armarlo... ficaria se você acidentalmente jogasse fora as instruções antes de montá-las...

in that it basically functions, but you're pretty sure something's backwards and somehow ||||operates|||||something is|reversed||in some way v tom, že to v podstatě funguje, ale jste si docela jisti, že je něco obráceně a nějak en que básicamente funciona, pero estás bastante seguro de que algo está al revés y de alguna manera

you have like three of those little twisty things left over?! |||||||twisted||| zbyly ti tři z těch malých zakroucených věcí?!

The great American poet John Mayer once said “your body is a wonderland”, but I think ||American|musician||Mayer|||||||a magical place||| O grande poeta americano John Mayer disse uma vez “seu corpo é um país das maravilhas”, mas acho

he meant “your body is a blunderland”. |intended|||||wonderland hij bedoelde "je lichaam is een blunderland". ele quis dizer “seu corpo é um terreno baldio”.

From eyes that don't work right and backs that ache to needy diets and extra bones… |||||||backs that ache||hurt||demanding|nutritional needs||additional|extra bones Od očí, které nefungují správně, přes bolavá záda až po potřebné diety a kosti navíc… From eyes that don't work right and backs that ache to needy diets and extra bones…

what I'm saying is… sure, our bodies look cool–especially if they're wearing an |||||||||particularly|||| co říkám je... jistě, naše těla vypadají cool – zvláště když mají na sobě o que estou dizendo é... claro, nossos corpos parecem legais, especialmente se estiverem usando um

awesome shirt–but who the heck designed these things?! |awesome shirt||||in the world||| úžasné tričko – ale kdo sakra tyhle věci navrhl?! camisa incrível - mas quem diabos projetou essas coisas ?!

Well, no one did. No, nikdo to neudělal. Bem, ninguém o fez.

We'll get back to that, but first, instead of talking about how great we are, let's K tomu se ještě vrátíme, ale nejdřív místo toho, abychom mluvili o tom, jak jsme skvělí, pojďme Voltaremos a isso, mas primeiro, em vez de falar sobre como somos ótimos, vamos

talk about some of our critical weaknesses. |||||key|vulnerabilities falar sobre algumas de nossas fraquezas críticas.

The first example… it's staring right at ya. ||||looking||| První příklad... zírá přímo na tebe.

I mean, I don't wear these things to look cool and smart. Chci říct, nenosím tyhle věci, abych vypadal cool a chytrý.

I mean, they do make me look cool and smart, but I wear them because I can't see! Chci říct, že vypadají cool a chytře, ale nosím je, protože nevidím!

Like nearly half of Americans and Europeans or nearly 7 in 10 people in Asian countries, ||||||Europeans||||||Asian| Stejně jako téměř polovina Američanů a Evropanů nebo téměř 7 z 10 lidí v asijských zemích, Como quase metade dos americanos e europeus ou quase 7 em cada 10 pessoas em países asiáticos,

my peepers don't peep right. |eyes||eyes| moji peepers nekoukají správně. mijn peepers gluren niet goed. meus peepers não espiam direito.

I've worn glasses since elementary school. |used|eyeglasses||primary|primary education Brýle nosím od základní školy.

Space shuttle. |space vehicle Raketoplán.

Nice!

Very on brand, younger me. ||consistent with identity|younger version| Zeer op het merk, jongere ik.

Anyway, before the invention of corrective lenses a few centuries ago, people who couldn't |||||corrective|corrective lenses||||||| Každopádně před vynálezem korekčních čoček před pár staletími lidé, kteří to neuměli

see just… couldn't see. vidět jen... nemohl vidět.

And back in our prehistoric hunter-gatherer days, that could've meant starvation and ||||ancient|hunter|gatherer|||||hunger or death| A v našich prehistorických dobách lovců a sběračů to mohlo znamenat hladovění a

death.

Bad eyes, empty stomachs, you lose. Poor|||empty stomachs|| Špatné oči, prázdné žaludky, prohraješ. Olhos ruins, estômagos vazios, você perde.

Thing is, even if you don't wear glasses, you have eye problems. ||||||||||related| Jde o to, že i když nenosíte brýle, máte problémy s očima.

While looking at this image, cover your left eye, and look at the dot while keeping your ||||image|cover||||||||dot||| Při pohledu na tento obrázek si zakryjte levé oko a dívejte se na tečku, zatímco si necháte své

face centered in front of the screen. |facing forward||of the screen|||display surface obličej vycentrovaný před obrazovkou.

Slowly move closer or farther from your screen and the cross will disappear. ||||further away||||||||vanish from view Pomalu se přibližujte nebo vzdalujte od obrazovky a křížek zmizí.

Did it work? Fungovalo to?

Around 30 cm or 12 inches away works for me. |centimeters||inches|||| Mě vyhovuje vzdálenost asi 30 cm nebo 12 palců.

Pretty weird huh? Docela divný co?

You can try it with the other eye too. Můžete to zkusit i druhým okem.

Cover your right one, stare at the cross, and move until the dot disappears. ||||look|||||||||vanishes from view Zakryjte si pravou, zírejte na kříž a pohybujte se, dokud tečka nezmizí.

That's your blind spot, and every animal with a backbone has a blind spot in each eye |||||||||vertebral column||||||| To je vaše slepé místo a každé zvíře s páteří má slepé místo v každém oku

because of how the eye is built. kvůli tomu, jak je oko stavěno. por causa de como o olho é construído.

The light sensitive layer inside your eye is filled with tiny cells called photoreceptors. ||light-sensitive|||||||||||light-sensitive cells Vrstva citlivá na světlo uvnitř vašeho oka je vyplněna malými buňkami nazývanými fotoreceptory. De lichtgevoelige laag in uw oog is gevuld met kleine cellen die fotoreceptoren worden genoemd. A camada sensível à luz dentro do olho é preenchida com pequenas células chamadas fotorreceptores.

They're like little microphones. |||sensitive devices Jsou jako malé mikrofony. Eles são como pequenos microfones.

One end turn photons of light into electrical signals, and the other end's a wire that |||of light||||electrical|signals||||is||wire| Jeden konec přeměňuje fotony světla na elektrické signály a druhý konec je drát Uma extremidade transforma fótons de luz em sinais elétricos e a outra extremidade é um fio que

carries the signal away. transmits||signal one| leva o sinal embora.

Except our retinas are built so the cables are pointed towards the light, like talking ||eyes|||||nerve fibers|||in the direction of|||| Až na to, že naše sítnice jsou postaveny tak, že kabely směřují ke světlu, jako když mluvíme Exceto que nossas retinas são construídas para que os cabos sejam apontados para a luz, como falar

into the back of a microphone. |||||microphone na parte de trás de um microfone.

The cables from all those little microphones have to pass through a hole in the retina |||||||||||||||retina (1) Os cabos de todos aqueles microfones pequenos têm que passar por um buraco na retina

to get to the brain. dostat se do mozku.

And where that hole is, we have a blind spot. A kde je ta díra, máme slepé místo.

We just don't usually notice it because our brain lies to us and fills in the image. ||||perceive|||||deceives||||completes||| Jen si toho většinou nevšimneme, protože náš mozek nám lže a vyplňuje obraz.

Why do we have it? Proč to máme?

Because at some point way back in evolution, when our ancestors started to evolve the first ||||||||||forebears|||||

light-sensitive tissues, that's just the direction the cells were facing. ||light-sensitive cells||||||||oriented lichtempfindliches Gewebe, das ist nur die Richtung, in die die Zellen zeigten.

And later, when those patches morphed into actual eyes, it was too late. ||||eye spots|transformed|||||it was||too late A později, když se tyto skvrny proměnily ve skutečné oči, bylo příliš pozdě.

The backwards pattern was already set.

Evolution can't suddenly flip a whole eye around. |||reverse|||| Evoluce nemůže najednou otočit celé oko.

It can only make tweaks to what's already there. ||||adjustments|||| Může pouze vylepšovat to, co již existuje.

But cephalopods–like octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish–they don't have a blind spot. |cephalopod species||octopuses|squid species||cuttlefish species|||||| Ale hlavonožci – jako chobotnice, chobotnice a sépie – nemají slepé místo.

This branch of animals evolved eyes completely on their own, and in early octopus ancestors, |group|||developed independently|||||||||octopus ancestors|

the cables on all their microphone-shaped light-sensing cells pointed toward the back, ||||||microscope||light-detecting||||| kabely na všech jejich buňkách pro snímání světla ve tvaru mikrofonu směřovaly dozadu,

so their retina is unbroken. ||||not damaged takže jejich sítnice je neporušená.

Am I saying that cephalopods have better eyes than us? Říkám snad, že hlavonožci mají lepší oči než my?

Mmm, yes. thinking sound|

Point, cephalopods.

And another point for having eight legs. |||||eight| A další bod za to, že máte osm nohou.

Ok, enough about eyes! Alright|||

Why is there so much empty space in our skulls? |||||||||heads Proč je v našich lebkách tolik prázdného místa?

You know I can take you off the set any time Víš, že tě můžu kdykoliv odvolat Ти ж знаєш, що я можу забрати тебе зі знімального майданчика в будь-який момент.

right?

Watch it, globie. ||friend Pozor, globie. Kijk uit, wereldbol.

When we breathe, air enters our nose and passes through four chambers called sinuses where ||inhale air||enters||nasal cavity||moves through||four distinct|spaces||air-filled spaces| Když dýcháme, vzduch vstupuje do našeho nosu a prochází čtyřmi komorami nazývanými sinusy

the air gets warmed up, humidified, and filtered by mucous membranes. |||heated||made more humid||cleansed||mucous| vzduch se ohřívá, zvlhčuje a filtruje přes sliznice.

The mucus then drains ure is plenty in YOUR skullout and back down your throat to your |mucus||flows out|urethra|||||skull||||||| Het slijm loopt dan weg, er is genoeg in JOUW skullout en terug in je keel naar je? Потім слиз стікає, його багато в черепній коробці і повертається назад у горло до вашого

stomach.

Mmm, gross. |disgusting taste

That works pretty well for the sinuses on top, they have gravity to help them.

But the big ones behind your cheeks? ||||||face

They drain up.

Up!

And that difficult drainage is why humans get so many head colds and sinus infections. |||drainage issue||||||||colds|||

You know who doesn't get sinus infections?

Dogs. Dogs (1)

Dogs and other animals that rely mainly on smell tend to have elongated nasal cavities, ||||||primarily||||||stretched out|nose|spaces in nose

which drain down and back with gravity, the correct way.

But as our ancestors became more dependent on vision and less dependent on smell, our |||||||vision|sight||||||

snouts got smushed up into our flat faces, and now we have tiny noses and get sick all noses||squished||||flat faces|faces||||||noses|||ill|

the time.

If you accidentally eat some air, no biggie. |||||||no problem

You can just burp it out. |||release gas||

But if you breathe in your food, you're gonna choke and maybe die. |||||||||suffocate on it|||pass away

What's up with that?

It comes down to the fact that like most other vertebrates, we breathe and eat through the ||||||||||animals with backbones||||||

same throat hole, another one of evolution's amazing bright ideas. ||||||evolution's concept||brilliant|concepts

But I once saw a bird swallow a fish as big as its head. |||||a bird|catch and eat|||||||

It did not die.

If I did that, I would die.

But snakes and birds can swallow huge meals whole because their nostrils connect directly |snakes||birds||||food items||||nose openings|are connected|

to their breathing parts without going through the throat.

Like an alternate breathing system.

But in every mammal, we've just got the one tube, and all that separates the digesting |||mammal species||||||digestive tube||||divides||food processing

part from the breathing part is a little flap called the epiglottis. ||||||||structure|||flap of tissue deel van het ademende deel is een kleine flap die de epiglottis wordt genoemd.

Epiglottis open?

You're breathing.

Epiglottis closed, you can eat or drink. |is closed|||||

Mess up that order, here's how to do the Heimlich maneuver. |||||||||Heimlich maneuver|technique

Now, lots of animals can choke. |many||||

Even whales can choke if fish get stuck in their blowholes. |large marine mammals|||||||||breathing holes

Yes, that actually happens.

But humans are especially prone to choking because our voice box, or larynx, has moved ||||||choking on food||||||voice box||

up so high in our throats.

I tell ya, these throats were made for talkin'. ||||||||speaking

Some languages even make vocal sounds using the epiglottis, like in some African languages. |certain languages|||consonant|||||||||

That higher voice box has squished up the swallowing parts of our throat so there's |||||compressed|||swallowing mechanism||||||

not a lot of room for error. ||||space||mistakes

But on the plus side, we can yodel. |||positive||||sing joyfully Maar aan de positieve kant, we kunnen jodelen.

So maybe we can call this bad evolutionary trait a tie. |||||||evolutionary characteristic|characteristic||drawback

So.

Walking upright. |on two legs

Pros: We can run, kick a soccer ball, dunk a basketball, do sports things with all the Advantages||||kick a ball||soccer|soccer ball|slam||basketball dunk||athletic||||

other balls, ride a pogo stick, surf, ice skate, dance, and dance dance revolution. |activities|on||stick||on a surfboard|||||||

Cons: So many unique and painful ways to injure ourselves. Cons list|||||difficult to endure|||harm|

Some of your body's joints are beautiful. |||your body|joints||

I'm a huge fan of the jaw. |||enthusiast|||jawline

And the hip?

That ball, that socket. |||ball socket Die bal, die socket.

It's like Michaelangelo sculpted it. ||Michelangelo|carved it|

But the human knee and ankle look like an elementary school art project held together |||||ankle joint||||||art|||

by rubber bands. |elastic material|rubber bands

Back when our ancestors walked on all fours, they had twice as many limbs and muscles to |||||||on all fours||||||appendages||muscle groups|

carry their weight.

But when they transitioned to walking on two legs, it put a lot more stress on our knees |||shifted|||||||||||pressure|on||joints of legs

and ankles. |ankles

When you quickly change direction while running, the anterior cruciate ligament is basically ||||||running||front|knee ligament|knee stabilizing structure||

the only thing holding the two halves of your leg together. ||||||sections|||lower limb|

It has basically no blood vessels, and if you tear it, the only way to fix it is surgery, |||||blood vessels||||rip|||||||||

which we only invented like a hundred years ago.

I have personally known at least a dozen people who have torn their ACL. ||in my experience|||||||||ruptured||anterior cruciate ligament Conheço pessoalmente pelo menos uma dúzia de pessoas que romperam o LCA.

If we were hunter gatherers or ancient hominids, every one of them would probably be dead. ||||foragers||early|ancient humans|||||||| Se fôssemos caçadores-coletores ou antigos hominídeos, todos eles provavelmente estariam mortos.

I don't even know why I'm laughing, that's horrible. ||||||||terrible situation

And right under that is the Achilles tendon. |||||||Achilles tendon

Since we walk on the balls of our feet, that tendon takes basically all the force of the Оскільки ми ходимо на п'ятах, це сухожилля бере на себе практично всю силу

lower leg like a big fleshy rubber band. |||||soft and thick||elastic band гомілку, як велику м'ясисту гумку.

If you tear that one, you also can't walk.

It's maybe the most important tendon in your body, so of course it sits there on the |||||||||||||is located|||

back of our leg completely exposed, waiting for the person behind us at the grocery store |||||uncovered|||||||||grocery store|

to ram it with their cart or your mythical arch nemesis to hit you with a poison arrow. |to crash||||vehicle|||imaginary|archenemy|arch enemy||||||poison arrow|poison arrow

This is not how you'd engineer bipedal legs from the ground up. ||||||two-legged|||||

This is way too many weak spots for any crucial structural system. |||||weak|weak points|||essential|structural integrity|

But when the assignment was “turn an animal that walks on all fours into a fancy dancing |||task||||||moves on four||||||elaborate|dancer

ape on two legs”, evolution had to work with what it was given. human||||||||||||

Body parts are one thing, but evolution has messed up our insides too. |||||||||||internal organs|

Like, we are really poorly cut out for eating. ||||not well||||

Pretty much every animal needs the same nutrients in order to function. |||||||||||operate effectively

Stuff like amino acids, vitamins, a few minerals. ||amino acids|||||nutrients

But most animals make most of these things for themselves.

But we have to get a literal grocery list of nutrients from our diet. ||||||||of nutrients|||||

Take “vitamins”.

That's what we call essential macronutrients that we have to get from our diet to survive. |||||essential nutrients||||||||||stay alive

Vitamin C, for example.

More than half a dozen proteins need vitamin C around to do their job. |||||proteins that|||||||the proteins'| Mais de meia dúzia de proteínas precisam de vitamina C para fazer seu trabalho.

Without it, your bones get brittle, your tissue breaks down, you just bleed. |||||fragile||body tissue|decomposes||||lose blood

Oh, and your teeth fall out. ||||will fall|

Scurvy is no fun. Scurvy is|||enjoyable experience O escorbuto não é divertido.

Pretty important stuff, this Vitamin C!

So of course, we can't make any.

At all.

We have to get every bit we need from our diet.

Almost every animal on Earth makes their own Vitamin C. My dog never has to drink orange |||||||||||pet|||||juice Quase todos os animais da Terra produzem sua própria vitamina C. Meu cachorro nunca precisa beber laranja

juice. juice

Neither does a cow, or a cat. not one||||||

But I do.

Strangely, humans have all the genes necessary to make vitamin C in our DNA. Oddly enough|||||||||||||

Yet somewhere in our evolutionary history, in some ancestor of all primates, one piece |||||||||||of all primates||

of the vitamin C machinery mutated and broke, and now we have to eat it or die, along with ||||processes|changed||malfunctioned|||||||||||

all these.

Of the 20 amino acids we need to build proteins, our bodies only make 11.

Many animals can make all twenty, but we have to get almost half from our diet.

Needing to have ready sources of these essential nutrients has placed restrictions on where Requirement for|||prepared||||||||limitations||location of

and how our species could live, at least before we could walk into any pharmacy and get them ||||||||||||||drugstore||| e como nossa espécie poderia viver, pelo menos antes que pudéssemos entrar em qualquer farmácia e comprá-los

all in pill form.

Pretty much everywhere you look, it seems like our body has room for evolutionary improvement. Praticamente em todos os lugares que você olha, parece que nosso corpo tem espaço para melhorias evolutivas.

Our teeth?

Most people grow a third set of molars–wisdom teeth–that won't fit in their mouth and ||develop|||||teeth|wisdom teeth||||fit comfortably||||

have to be removed. |||must be taken out

Do I need to mention the fact that a male's gamete producing organs sit dangerously exposed |||||||||male|sperm|producing gametes|reproductive organs||at risk| Moet ik het feit vermelden dat de gameetproducerende organen van een man gevaarlijk bloot liggen?

outside the body? external to||human body fora do corpo?

And the pelvis? ||hip region

Most women can't deliver a baby without medical assistance because the human head |||give birth to||infant||medical|help||||

is so large.

Who came up with all these bad ideas?

The answer, of course, is no one.

Thanks to science, we know that the human body isn't engineered, or designed. ||||||||||engineered or designed||

It's evolved.

Everything is the way it is because it got that way, making tiny tweaks to what was there |||||||||||||adjustments||||

before.

That means that our backs hurt because we're walking upright with a spine that used to |||||are in pain|||||||spine|||

be horizontal. |flat position

We get fooled and we fool ourselves because our brains evolved in a different world than ||deceived|||deceive||||||||||

the one we invented in the past few decades.

Sure, our bodies are full of parts that barely get the job done, full of things that could ||||||||hardly|||||||||

be built way better.

And that can be frustrating, sometimes even painful. ||||annoying|||

But nobody, and I literally mean “no body”, is perfect. |no one|||emphatically|||||

Because surviving isn't about being perfect, it's about being good enough. |survival|||||||||

It's about being imperfect in the perfect way. |||imperfect||||

If you're watching this today, then you are good enough.

Because you're a survivor of a 4 billion year story. |||endurer|||||

Our flaws make us who we are, because evolution and natural selection made us who we are. |imperfections||||||||||process of selection|||||

Flaws and all.

Stay curious.