16. Papacy and Empire 16. البابوية والإمبراطورية 16. Papsttum und Kaiserreich 16. Papado e Imperio 16. Papauté et Empire 16. Papato e Impero 16.教皇庁と帝国 16. Папство и империя 16. Papalık ve İmparatorluk 16. Папство та імперія 16. 教皇与帝国 16. 教宗與帝國

We have seen, in another chapter, how the bishop of Rome became the head of the Western Church, with the title of Pope; and we have seen how Charlemagne restored the position of Emperor as ruler of the West. لقد رأينا في فصل آخر كيف أصبح أسقف روما رأس الكنيسة الغربية، بلقب البابا؛ ورأينا كيف أعاد شارلمان منصب الإمبراطور كحاكم للغرب. We have seen, in another chapter, how the bishop of Rome became the head of the Western Church, with the title of Pope; and we have seen how Charlemagne restored the position of Emperor as ruler of the West.

We must now follow the history of these two great institutions,—the Papacy and the Empire,—and see how they got along together. |||||||||||这两个|||||||||相处|| يتعين علينا الآن أن نتتبع تاريخ هاتين المؤسستين العظيمتين - البابوية والإمبراطورية - ونرى كيف نجحتا في التعايش مع بعضهما البعض. We must now follow the history of these two great institutions,—the Papacy and the Empire,—and see how they got along together.

After Gregory the Great died, it was long before the Church had a Pope who was so able and good; and after Charlemagne was dead, it was long before there was another Emperor as great as he had been. |||grande||it||a long time||||||||||||||||||it||long||||||||||| بعد وفاة غريغوري الكبير، مر وقت طويل قبل أن يكون للكنيسة بابا قادر وصالح إلى هذا الحد؛ وبعد وفاة شارلمان، مر وقت طويل قبل أن يأتي إمبراطور آخر عظيم مثله. After Gregory the Great died, it was long before the Church had a Pope who was so able and good; and after Charlemagne was dead, it was long before there was another Emperor as great as he had been. 格雷戈里大帝去世后，教会很长一段时间没有出现一个如此能干和优秀的教皇；而在查理曼死后，又过了很久才有了一个像他一样伟大的皇帝。 Charlemagne's empire was divided by his grandsons, as we have seen, into three kingdoms; and though the oldest of them received the title of Emperor, he had little of Charlemagne's power. لقد تم تقسيم إمبراطورية شارلمان من قبل أحفاده، كما رأينا، إلى ثلاث ممالك؛ وعلى الرغم من أن الأكبر سنا بينهم حصل على لقب الإمبراطور، إلا أنه لم يتمتع إلا بقدر ضئيل من قوة شارلمان. Charlemagne's empire was divided by his grandsons, as we have seen, into three kingdoms; and though the oldest of them received the title of Emperor, he had little of Charlemagne's power. 正如我们所见，查理曼的帝国被他的孙子们分成了三个王国；尽管其中最年长的孙子获得了皇帝的称号，但他几乎没有查理曼的权力。 Afterwards the descendants of Charlemagne grew weaker and weaker, and finally their power came entirely to an end. وبعد ذلك أصبح أحفاد شارلمان أضعف فأضعف، وفي النهاية انتهت قوتهم بالكامل. Afterwards the descendants of Charlemagne grew weaker and weaker, and finally their power came entirely to an end. 后来，查理曼的后裔越来越弱，最终他们的权力完全终结。 In Italy and Germany, as well as in France, the rule of the "Carolingians" ceased, and new rulers arose. ||||||||||||||came to an end|||| وفي إيطاليا وألمانيا، وكذلك في فرنسا، انتهى حكم "الكارولينجيين"، وظهر حكام جدد. In Italy and Germany, as well as in France, the rule of the "Carolingians" ceased, and new rulers arose. In Germany it was the Saxons, whom Charlemagne had conquered with so much difficulty, who now took the leading part in the government. وفي ألمانيا كان الساكسونيون، الذين هزمهم شارلمان بصعوبة بالغة، هم الذين تولوا الآن الدور القيادي في الحكومة. In Germany it was the Saxons, whom Charlemagne had conquered with so much difficulty, who now took the leading part in the government. A new and stronger German kingdom was established, and then of these Saxon kings—Otto I., who was rightly called Otto the Great—revived the empire which Charlemagne had founded. ||||||||||||||Otto||||||Otto||||||||| ||||||||||||||Otto the Great|||||||||brought back|||||| وقد تأسست مملكة ألمانية جديدة أقوى، ثم قام هؤلاء الملوك الساكسونيون - أوتو الأول، الذي كان يسمى بحق أوتو الكبير - بإحياء الإمبراطورية التي أسسها شارلمان. A new and stronger German kingdom was established, and then of these Saxon kings—Otto I., who was rightly called Otto the Great—revived the empire which Charlemagne had founded. This was in the year 962, and Otto had already been King for twenty-six years. وكان هذا في عام 962، وكان أوتو قد أصبح ملكًا بالفعل منذ ستة وعشرين عامًا. This was in the year 962, and Otto had already been King for twenty-six years. After he became Emperor, Otto ruled over Italy as well as over Germany; and he proved to be as good a ruler as Emperor as he had been as King. وبعد أن أصبح إمبراطورًا، حكم أوتو إيطاليا وكذلك ألمانيا؛ وأثبت أنه حاكم جيد كإمبراطور كما كان كملك. After he became Emperor, Otto ruled over Italy as well as over Germany; and he proved to be as good a ruler as Emperor as he had been as King. 在他成为皇帝后，奥托统治了意大利和德国；他证明了自己作为皇帝的统治能力与作为国王时一样出色。 One of the first things he did in Italy was to put the Papacy in a better condition. كان أحد الأشياء الأولى التي قام بها في إيطاليا هو تحسين وضع البابوية. One of the first things he did in Italy was to put the Papacy in a better condition. 他在意大利做的第一件事之一就是改善教皇的状况。 During the troubled times that had followed the fall of Charlemagne's empire, Italian nobles had controlled the Papacy for selfish ends. ||||||||||||||||||||ends |||||||||||||||||||self-serving| خلال الأوقات المضطربة التي أعقبت سقوط إمبراطورية شارلمان، سيطر النبلاء الإيطاليون على البابوية لتحقيق غايات أنانية. During the troubled times that had followed the fall of Charlemagne's empire, Italian nobles had controlled the Papacy for selfish ends. 在查理曼帝国灭亡后的动荡时期，意大利的贵族出于自私的目的控制了教皇。 After many efforts it was taken from their control, and soon the position of the popes was higher than it had ever been. ||||was = was||||||||||||||than|||| وبعد جهود كثيرة تم انتزاعها من سيطرتهم، وسرعان ما أصبح وضع الباباوات أعلى مما كان عليه في أي وقت مضى. After many efforts it was taken from their control, and soon the position of the popes was higher than it had ever been. Then the question arose as to what their position should be towards the emperors. |the|||||||||||| ثم نشأ السؤال حول ما ينبغي أن يكون موقفهم تجاه الأباطرة. Then the question arose as to what their position should be towards the emperors.

Just one hundred years after the death of Otto I., a man became Pope who had very decided opinions on this subject. |||||||||||||||||||on|| بعد مرور مائة عام فقط على وفاة أوتو الأول، أصبح رجل بابا وكان له آراء حاسمة للغاية حول هذا الموضوع. Just one hundred years after the death of Otto I., a man became Pope who had very decided opinions on this subject. His name was Hildebrand. |||Hildebrand |||Hildebrand وكان اسمه هيلدبراند. His name was Hildebrand. He was the son of a poor carpenter, and was born in Italy, but he was of German origin. |||||||woodworker||||||||||| |||||||тесля||||||||||| كان ابنًا لنجار فقير، وُلد في إيطاليا، لكنه من أصل ألماني. He was the son of a poor carpenter, and was born in Italy, but he was of German origin. His uncle was the head of a monastery of Rome, and it was there that the boy was brought up and educated. |||||||||||it|||||||||| وكان عمه رئيسًا لأحد أديرة روما، وهناك نشأ الصبي وتلقى تعليمه. His uncle was the head of a monastery in Rome, and it was there that the boy was brought up and educated. When he became a man, he too became a monk. وعندما أصبح رجلاً، أصبح أيضًا راهبًا. When he became an adult, he also became a monk. Circumstances soon led him to France, and there for a while he was a member of the most famous monastery of Europe—the one at Cluny, in Burgundy. |||||||||||||||||||||||||Cluny|| Conditions|||||||||||||||||||||||||Cluny Abbey|| وسرعان ما قادته الظروف إلى فرنسا، حيث أمضى بعض الوقت هناك عضواً في الدير الأكثر شهرة في أوروبا، وهو دير كلوني في بورغوندي. Circumstances soon led him to France, and there for a while he was a member of the most famous monastery of Europe—the one at Cluny, in Burgundy.

Not only the Papacy, but the whole Church, had fallen into a bad condition at this time. |||papacy|||||||||bad|||| ولم تكن البابوية وحدها، بل الكنيسة كلها، قد سقطت في حالة سيئة في هذا الوقت. Not only the Papacy, but the whole Church, had fallen into a bad condition at this time. Monks had ceased to obey the rules made for their government, and lived idly and often wickedly. ||||||||||||lived = lived|inactivity|||wickedly |||||||||||||lazily|||immorally |||||||||||||бездіяльно|||зло لقد توقف الرهبان عن طاعة القواعد الموضوعة لحكومتهم، وعاشوا حياة خاملة وفي كثير من الأحيان شريرة. Monks had ceased to obey the rules made for their government, and lived idly and often wickedly. Priests and bishops, instead of giving their attention to the churches which were under their care, spent their time like the nobles of that day, in hunting, in pleasure, and in war. |||||giving|||||||||||||||||||||||||| كان الكهنة والأساقفة، بدلاً من الاهتمام بالكنائس التي كانت تحت رعايتهم، يقضون وقتهم مثل النبلاء في ذلك اليوم، في الصيد، والترفيه، والحرب. Priests and bishops, instead of giving their attention to the churches which were under their care, spent their time like the nobles of that day, in hunting, in pleasure, and in war. There were three evils which were especially complained of. ||||which|||| وكانت هناك ثلاثة شرور تم الشكوى منها بشكل خاص. There were three evils which were especially complained of. First, priests, bishops, and even popes, often got their offices by purchase instead of being freely elected or appointed; this was called "simony." |||||||got = obtained|||||||||||||||simony |||||||||||buying office|||||||||||simony ||||||||||||||||||||||シモニー ||||||||||||||||||||||симонія أولاً، كان الكهنة والأساقفة وحتى الباباوات، في كثير من الأحيان، يحصلون على مناصبهم عن طريق الشراء بدلاً من انتخابهم أو تعيينهم بحرية؛ وكان هذا يُسمى "السيمونية". First, priests, bishops, and even popes, often got their offices by purchase instead of being freely elected or appointed; this was called "simony." Second, the greater part of the clergy had followed the example of the Eastern Church, and married, so breaking the rule of "celibacy," which required that they should not marry. ||||||||||||||||||||||celibacy||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||abstinence from marriage||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||целібат||||||| ثانياً، اتبع الجزء الأكبر من رجال الدين مثال الكنيسة الشرقية، وتزوجوا، وبالتالي خالفوا قاعدة "العزوبة"، التي كانت تشترط عليهم عدم الزواج. Second, the greater part of the clergy had followed the example of the Eastern Church, and married, so breaking the rule of "celibacy," which required that they should not marry. This was especially harmful, because the married clergy sought to provide for their children by giving them lands and other property belonging to the Church. |||detrimental|||||sought||supply|||||||||||||| وكان هذا ضارًا بشكل خاص، لأن رجال الدين المتزوجين سعوا إلى توفير احتياجات أطفالهم من خلال منحهم الأراضي والممتلكات الأخرى التابعة للكنيسة. This was especially harmful, because the married clergy sought to provide for their children by giving them lands and other property belonging to the Church. The third evil was the "investiture" of clergymen by laymen. ||||the|investiture|||| |||||appointment||religious leaders||non-clergy |||||叙任|||| |||||висвячення||духовенство|| وكان الشر الثالث هو "تنصيب" رجال الدين من قبل العلمانيين. The third evil was the "investiture" of clergymen by laymen. When a bishop, for example, was chosen, he was given the staff and the ring, which were the signs of his office, by the emperor or king, instead of by an archbishop; and this "investiture" by laymen made the clergy look more to the rulers of the land than to the rulers of the Church. |||||||||||||||||||||ufficio|||||||||||||||||||look|||||||||||||| |||||||||||pastoral staff|||||||||||||||||||||||formal appointment|||||||||||||||||||| على سبيل المثال، عندما كان يتم اختيار أسقف، كان يُمنح العصا والخاتم، اللذان كانا علامتي منصبه، من قبل الإمبراطور أو الملك، بدلاً من رئيس الأساقفة؛ وهذا "التنصيب" من قبل العلمانيين جعل رجال الدين يتطلعون إلى حكام البلاد أكثر من حكام الكنيسة. When a bishop, for example, was chosen, he was given the staff and the ring, which were the signs of his office, by the emperor or king, instead of by an archbishop; and this "investiture" by laymen made the clergy look more to the rulers of the land than to the rulers of the Church. The monastery of Cluny took the leading part in fighting against these evils. وكان لدير كلوني الدور الرائد في مكافحة هذه الشرور. The monastery of Cluny took the leading part in fighting against these evils. Its abbots joined to it other monasteries, which were purified and reformed, and in this way Cluny became the head of a "congregation" or union of monasteries which numbered many hundreds. ||joined||it|||||||||||||||||||||||||many| |abbots||||||||cleansed and reformed||purified and improved|||||||||||congregation|||||||| |||||||||очищені|||||||||||||конгрегація|||||||| وقد ضم رؤساؤها إليه أديرة أخرى، فتم تطهيرها وإصلاحها، وبهذه الطريقة أصبح كلوني رئيسًا لـ"جماعة" أو اتحاد أديرة بلغ عددها مئات عديدة. Its abbots joined to it other monasteries, which were purified and reformed, and in this way Cluny became the head of a "congregation" or union of monasteries which numbered many hundreds. Everywhere it raised the cry, "No simony;—celibacy;—and no lay investiture!" |||||||abstinence from marriage|||| |||||||||||інвеститура мир في كل مكان ارتفع الصراخ، "لا سيمونية؛ - عزوبة؛ - ولا تنصيب علماني!" Everywhere it raised the cry, "No simony;—celibacy;—and no lay investiture!" When Hildebrand came to Cluny this movement had been going on for some time, and much good had already been done. ||||||||been|going on||||||much = a lot||||| عندما جاء هيلدبراند إلى كلوني كانت هذه الحركة مستمرة لبعض الوقت، وقد تم إنجاز الكثير من الخير بالفعل. When Hildebrand came to Cluny this movement had been going on for some time, and much good had already been done. But it was through the efforts of Hildebrand himself that the movement was to win its greatest success. ولكن بفضل جهود هيلدبراند نفسه تمكنت الحركة من تحقيق أعظم نجاحاتها. But it was through the efforts of Hildebrand himself that the movement was to win its greatest success.

After staying at Cluny for some months, Hildebrand returned to Rome. وبعد أن أقام في كلوني لعدة أشهر، عاد هيلدبراند إلى روما. After staying at Cluny for some months, Hildebrand returned to Rome. There for almost a quarter of a century, under five successive popes, he was the chief adviser and helper of the Papacy. ||||||||||successive||||||adviser||||| ||||||||||||||||advisor||assistant||| ||||||||||п'яти наступних||||||||||| ظل هناك لمدة ربع قرن تقريبًا، تحت حكم خمسة باباوات متعاقبين، المستشار الرئيسي والمساعد للبابوية. There for almost a quarter of a century, under five successive popes, he was the chief adviser and helper of the Papacy. Several times the people of Rome wished to make Hildebrand Pope, but he refused. أراد شعب روما عدة مرات أن يجعلوا هيلدبراند بابا، لكنه رفض. Several times the people of Rome wished to make Hildebrand Pope, but he refused. At last, when the fifth of these popes had died, he was forced to submit. ||||||||||||||yield to authority وأخيرا، عندما توفي الباباوات الخامس، اضطر إلى الخضوع. At last, when the fifth of these popes had died, he was forced to submit. In the midst of the funeral services, a cry arose from the clergy and the people: وفي وسط مراسم الجنازة، ارتفعت صرخة من رجال الدين والشعب: In the midst of the funeral services, a cry arose from the clergy and the people:

"Hildebrand is Pope! "هيلدبراند هو البابا! "Hildebrand is Pope! St. شارع. Peter chooses Hildebrand to be Pope! " |selects|||| "بيتر يختار هيلدبراند ليكون البابا!" When Hildebrand sought again to refuse the office, his voice was drowned in cries: |||||||office|||||| |||||||||||drowned|| |||||||||||заглушений|| وعندما حاول هيلدبراند مرة أخرى رفض المنصب، غرق صوته في الصراخ: When Hildebrand sought again to refuse the office, his voice was drowned in cries:

"It is the will of St. "إنها إرادة القديس "It is the will of St. Peter! بيتر! Peter! Hildebrand is Pope! " "هيلدبراند هو البابا!" So he was obliged at last to submit. فكان لزاما عليه في النهاية أن يستسلم. So he was obliged at last to submit. Unwillingly, it is said, and with tears in his eyes, he was led to the papal throne. senza volerlo||||||||||he|was||||| reluctantly|||||||||||||||pope's| ويقال إنه رغماً عنه، ومع الدموع في عينيه، تم اقتياده إلى العرش البابوي. Unwillingly, it is said, and with tears in his eyes, he was led to the papal throne. There he was clothed with the scarlet robe, and crowned with the papal crown; then, at length, he was seated in the chair of St. |||||||robe|||||||||at last|||sitting||||| وهناك كان يرتدي الثوب القرمزي، ويتوج بالتاج البابوي، ثم أخيرًا جلس على كرسي القديس بولس السادس. There he was clothed with the scarlet robe, and crowned with the papal crown; then, at length, he was seated in the chair of St. Peter, where so many popes had sat before him. بطرس، حيث جلس العديد من الباباوات قبله. Peter, where so many popes had sat before him. In accordance with the custom, he now took a new name, and as Pope he was always called Gregory VII. ||||||now|||||||||||||VII |agreement||||||||||||||||||VII |відповідно до|||||||||||||||||| وبموجب العادة، اتخذ الآن اسمًا جديدًا، وباعتباره بابا كان يُدعى دائمًا غريغوري السابع. In accordance with the custom, he now took a new name, and as Pope he was always called Gregory VII.

The Emperor at this time was Henry IV., who had been ruler over Germany ever since he was six years old. كان الإمبراطور في ذلك الوقت هو هنري الرابع، الذي كان حاكماً لألمانيا منذ أن كان في السادسة من عمره. The Emperor at this time was Henry IV., who had been ruler over Germany ever since he was six years old. One of his guardians had let the boy have his own way in everything; so, although he was well meaning, he had grown up without self control, and with many bad habits. |||||||||||||||||||meaning|||||||||||| |||guardians|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| كان أحد الأوصياء عليه قد سمح للصبي أن يفعل ما يريد في كل شيء؛ لذلك، على الرغم من حسن نواياه، فقد نشأ دون ضبط النفس، ومع العديد من العادات السيئة. One of his guardians had let the boy have his own way in everything; so, although he was well meaning, he had grown up without self control, and with many bad habits. Gregory was determined to make the Emperor give up the right of investiture, and also tried to force him to reform his manner of living. |era||||||to give||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||change|||| كان غريغوري مصمماً على جعل الإمبراطور يتخلى عن حق التنصيب، وحاول أيضاً إجباره على إصلاح أسلوب حياته. Gregory was determined to make the Emperor give up the right of investiture, and also tried to force him to reform his manner of living. Henry, for his part, was just as determined never to give up any right which the emperors had had before him, and complained bitterly of the pride and haughtiness of the Pope. ||||was||||mai||||||||||||||||||||haughtiness||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||arrogance||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||пихатість||| وكان هنري، من جانبه، مصمماً على عدم التنازل أبداً عن أي حق كان للإمبراطور قبله، وكان يشكو بشدة من كبرياء البابا وغطرسته. Henry, for his part, was just as determined never to give up any right which the emperors had had before him, and complained bitterly of the pride and haughtiness of the Pope.

A quarrel was the result, which lasted for almost fifty years. |||||||||fifty| وكانت النتيجة شجارًا استمر لمدة خمسين عامًا تقريبًا. A quarrel was the result, which lasted for almost fifty years. The question to be settled was not merely the right of investiture. the||||||||||| ولم تكن المسألة التي كان يتعين تسويتها مجرد حق التنصيب. The question to be settled was not merely the right of investiture. It included also the question whether the Emperor was above the Pope, or the Pope above the Emperor. وتضمن أيضًا السؤال عما إذا كان الإمبراطور فوق البابا، أو ما إذا كان البابا فوق الإمبراطور. It included also the question whether the Emperor was above the Pope, or the Pope above the Emperor. Charlemagne and Otto I., and other emperors, had often come into Italy to correct popes when they did wrong; and at times they had even set aside evil popes, and named new ones in their place. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||named||||| كان شارلمان وأوتو الأول، وغيرهما من الأباطرة، يأتون إلى إيطاليا في كثير من الأحيان لتصحيح أخطاء الباباوات؛ وفي بعض الأحيان كانوا يعزلون الباباوات الأشرار، ويعينون باباوات جدد في مكانهم. Charlemagne and Otto I., and other emperors, had often come into Italy to correct popes when they did wrong; and at times they had even set aside evil popes, and named new ones in their place. Gregory now claimed that the Pope was above the Emperor; that the lay power had no rights over the clergy; and that the Pope might even depose an Emperor and free his subjects from the obedience which they owed him. |||||||||||||||no|||||||||||||||to free||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||remove||||||people, citizens, subjects||||||| ادعى غريغوري الآن أن البابا كان فوق الإمبراطور؛ وأن السلطة العلمانية لم يكن لها أي حقوق على رجال الدين؛ وأن البابا كان بإمكانه حتى عزل الإمبراطور وتحرير رعيته من الطاعة التي يدينون بها له. Gregory now claimed that the Pope was above the Emperor; that the lay power had no rights over the clergy; and that the Pope might even depose an Emperor and free his subjects from the obedience which they owed him. The Pope, he said, had given the Empire to Charlemagne, and what one Pope had given another could take away. وقال إن البابا أعطى الإمبراطورية لشارلمان، وما أعطاه أحد الباباوات يمكن أن يأخذه آخر. The Pope, he said, had given the Empire to Charlemagne, and what one Pope had given another could take away. 他说，教皇将帝国赋予了查理大帝，而一个教皇给予的，另一个教皇可以收回。

The popes relied, in such struggles, on the power which they possessed to "excommunicate" a person. ||||||on|||which|||||| ||depended|||||||||||exclude from church|| ||покладалися|||||||||||відлучити від ц|| اعتمد الباباوات، في مثل هذه الصراعات، على السلطة التي يمتلكونها لـ"حرمان" شخص ما من الكنيسة. The popes relied, in such struggles, on the power which they possessed to "excommunicate" a person. 教皇们在这样的斗争中依赖于他们所拥有的"逐出教会"的权力。 Excommunication cut the person off from the Church, and no good Christian, thenceforth, might have anything to do with him. Excommunication|cut|||from|||||no||||||anything|||| exclusion from church||||||||||||thereafter||||||| відлучення||||||||||||||||||| إن الحرمان الكنسي يقطع الشخص عن الكنيسة، ولا يجوز لأي مسيحي صالح، منذ ذلك الحين، أن يتعامل معه بأي شكل من الأشكال. Excommunication cut the person off from the Church, and no good Christian, thenceforth, might have anything to do with him. 被逐出教会的人与教会隔绝，从此之后，任何好基督徒都不得与他有任何往来。 They could not live with him, nor do business with him; and if he died unforgiving, his soul was believed to be lost. |||||him|||||||||he died|not forgiving||anima||||| ||couldn't|||||||||||||merciless||||||| |||||||||||||||безпощадним||||||| لم يتمكنوا من العيش معه، ولا التعامل معه؛ وإذا مات دون أن يغفر، كان يُعتقد أن روحه قد ضاعت. They could not live with him, nor do business with him; and if he died unforgiving, his soul was believed to be lost. This was the weapon which Gregory used against the Emperor Henry, when he refused to give up the right of investiture. ||||||used|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||інвеститура كان هذا هو السلاح الذي استخدمه غريغوري ضد الإمبراطور هنري، عندما رفض التنازل عن حق التنصيب. This was the weapon which Gregory used against the Emperor Henry, when he refused to give up the right of investiture. He excommunicated him, and forbade all people from obeying him as Emperor, or having anything to do with him. |excommunicated|||||||obeying|||||||||| |excluded from church|||prohibited|||||||||||||| |відлучив||||||||||||||||| فأخرجه من الكنيسة، ومنع كل الناس من طاعته كإمبراطور، أو التعامل معه بأي شكل من الأشكال. He excommunicated him, and forbade all people from obeying him as Emperor, or having anything to do with him. Henry's subjects were already dissatisfied with his rule, so they took this occasion to rise in rebellion. Henry's = di Henry|||||||||||||||| Henry's reign||||unhappy with||||||||occasion|||| وكان رعية هنري غير راضين بالفعل عن حكمه، لذلك استغلوا هذه الفرصة للتمرد. Henry's subjects were already dissatisfied with his rule, so they took this occasion to rise in rebellion. ヘンリーの主題はすでに彼の支配に不満を持っていたので、彼らはこの機会に反乱を起こした。 Soon Henry saw that unless he made his peace with the Pope he would lose his whole kingdom. وسرعان ما أدرك هنري أنه إذا لم يعقد السلام مع البابا فسوف يخسر مملكته بأكملها. Soon Henry saw that unless he made his peace with the Pope he would lose his whole kingdom. So with his wife and infant son, and only one attendant, he crossed the Alps in the depth of winter. |||||baby child||||||||||||midst, height of|| وهكذا، مع زوجته وابنه الرضيع ومرافق واحد فقط، عبر جبال الألب في عمق الشتاء. So with his wife and infant son, and only one attendant, he crossed the Alps in the depth of winter. After terrible hardships, he arrived at Canossa, where the Pope was staying, on January 25, 1076. ||||||Canossa||||||| ||||||Canossa||||||| وبعد مصاعب شديدة، وصل إلى كانوسا، حيث كان البابا يقيم، في 25 يناير/كانون الثاني 1076. After terrible hardships, he arrived at Canossa, where the Pope was staying, on January 25, 1076. There, for three days, with bare feet and in the dress of a penitent, he was forced to stand in the snow before the gate of the castle. |||||||||||||penitential|||||||||||||| |||||bare||||||||repentant person|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||покаянний|||||||||||||| هناك، لمدة ثلاثة أيام، حافي القدمين وفي ثياب التائب، أُجبر على الوقوف في الثلج أمام بوابة القلعة. There, for three days, with bare feet and in the dress of a penitent, he was forced to stand in the snow before the gate of the castle. On the fourth day he was admitted to the presence of the Pope; and crying, "Holy Father, spare me!" |||||was||||||||||||| ||||||allowed entry|||presence of the Pope||||||||have mercy on| ||||||прийнятий|||||||||||| وفي اليوم الرابع تم قبوله أمام البابا وهو يصرخ: "أيها الأب الأقدس، أنقذني!" On the fourth day he was admitted to the presence of the Pope; and crying, "Holy Father, spare me!" he threw himself at Gregory's feet. ألقى بنفسه عند قدمي جريجوري. he threw himself at Gregory's feet. Then the Pope raised him up and forgave him; and after promising that henceforth he would rule in all things as the Pope wished, Henry was allowed to return to Germany. |||||||forgave = he forgave||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||absolved him||||||from now on||||||||||||||||| ثم رفعه البابا وغفر له، وبعد أن وعد بأنه من الآن فصاعدًا سوف يحكم في كل الأمور كما يرغب البابا، سُمح لهنري بالعودة إلى ألمانيا. Then the Pope raised him up and forgave him; and after promising that henceforth he would rule in all things as the Pope wished, Henry was allowed to return to Germany.

This, however did not end the quarrel. ||||结束|| ولكن هذا لم يضع حدا للشجار. This, however did not end the quarrel. Henry could not forgive the humiliation that had been put upon him. |||||羞辱|||曾经的|施加|| |||||shame|||||| لم يستطع هنري أن يغفر الإذلال الذي تعرض له. Henry could not forgive the humiliation that had been put upon him. The German people and clergy, too, would not admit the rights which the Pope claimed. ||||||会|||||||| ولم يعترف الشعب الألماني ورجال الدين أيضًا بالحقوق التي طالب بها البابا. The German people and clergy, too, would not admit the rights which the Pope claimed. Gradually Henry recovered the power which he had lost; and at last he again went to Italy,—this time with an army at his back. واستعاد هنري تدريجياً السلطة التي فقدها؛ وأخيراً ذهب مرة أخرى إلى إيطاليا، وهذه المرة ومعه جيش خلفه. Gradually Henry recovered the power which he had lost; and at last he again went to Italy,—this time with an army at his back. All Gregory's enemies now rose up against him, and the Pope was obliged to flee to the Normans in Southern Italy. وقد ثار الآن جميع أعداء غريغوري ضده، واضطر البابا إلى الفرار إلى النورمانديين في جنوب إيطاليا. All Gregory's enemies now rose up against him, and the Pope was obliged to flee to the Normans in Southern Italy. There the gray-haired old Pope soon died, saying: وسرعان ما توفي البابا ذو الشعر الرمادي، وهو يقول: There the gray-haired old Pope soon died, saying:

"One thing only fills me with hope. |||fills with||| "شيء واحد فقط يملؤني بالأمل. "One thing only fills me with hope. I have always loved the law of God, and hated evil. |有||||||||| لقد أحببت دائمًا شريعة الله، وكرهت الشر. I have always loved the law of God, and hated evil. Therefore I die in exile. " |我|死去|| So,||die||banishment ||||в вигнанні "لذلك أموت في المنفى." Therefore I die in exile. " Even after the death of Gregory the struggle went on. حتى بعد وفاة جريجوري استمر النضال. Even after the death of Gregory the struggle went on. New popes arose who claimed all the power that Gregory had claimed; and everywhere the monks of Cluny aided the Pope, and opposed the Emperor. |||||||||||||everywhere|||||supported|||||| ونشأ باباوات جدد ادعوا أنهم يمتلكون كل السلطة التي ادعىها غريغوريوس؛ وفي كل مكان ساعد رهبان كلوني البابا، وعارضوا الإمبراطور. New popes arose who claimed all the power that Gregory had claimed; and everywhere the monks of Cluny aided the Pope, and opposed the Emperor. Henry's son, too, rebelled against him, and at last, twenty years after the death of Gregory, Henry IV. تمرد ابن هنري أيضًا ضده، وأخيرًا، بعد عشرين عامًا من وفاة جريجوري، تمرد هنري الرابع ضده. Henry's son, too, rebelled against him, and at last, twenty years after the death of Gregory, Henry IV. died broken-hearted and deprived of power. ||||deprived of|| مات مكسور القلب ومحروم من السلطة. died broken-hearted and deprived of power.

When once Henry's son had become Emperor, he found that he must continue the struggle, or his power would be nothing. ||||||||||||||||||将会|| عندما أصبح ابن هنري إمبراطورًا، وجد أنه يجب عليه مواصلة النضال، وإلا فإن قوته لن تكون شيئًا. When once Henry's son had become Emperor, he found that he must continue the struggle, or his power would be nothing. At last it was seen that each side must give up something, so a compromise was agreed to. ||它|被||||||||||||是|| ||||||||||||||settlement reached||| وأخيرًا تبين أنه يجب على كل طرف أن يتنازل عن شيء ما، لذا تم الاتفاق على حل وسط. At last it was seen that each side must give up something, so a compromise was agreed to. The Emperor, it was settled, should surrender his claim to give the bishops the ring and the staff. |||||||||||||这个|||| ||||||give up||right or title||||||||| وقد تم الاتفاق على أن الإمبراطور يجب أن يتنازل عن مطالبه بإعطاء الأساقفة الخاتم والعصا. The Emperor, it was settled, should surrender his claim to give the bishops the ring and the staff. On the other hand, the Pope agreed that the Emperor might control the election of bishops, and bind them to perform the duties which they owed as a result of the lands which they received from him. |||||||||||||||||obligate, require, compel|||||||||||||||||obtained from him|| ومن ناحية أخرى، وافق البابا على أن الإمبراطور قد يتحكم في انتخاب الأساقفة، ويلزمهم بأداء الواجبات التي كان عليهم القيام بها نتيجة للأراضي التي تلقوها منه. On the other hand, the Pope agreed that the Emperor might control the election of bishops, and bind them to perform the duties which they owed as a result of the lands which they received from him. The whole trouble had arisen from the fact that the bishops were not only officers of the Church, but that they held feudal "benefices" of the Emperor; and this compromise was acceptable to both sides. |||||||||||||||||||||||教区职位||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||church positions||||||||agreeable to both||| كانت المشكلة برمتها ناجمة عن حقيقة أن الأساقفة لم يكونوا ضباطًا للكنيسة فحسب، بل كانوا أيضًا يتمتعون بـ "منافع" إقطاعية للإمبراطور؛ وكان هذا الحل الوسط مقبولًا من كلا الجانبين. The whole trouble had arisen from the fact that the bishops were not only officers of the Church, but that they held feudal "benefices" of the Emperor; and this compromise was acceptable to both sides. This, however, did not settle the question whether the Pope was above the Emperor or the Emperor above the Pope. ولكن هذا لم يحسم مسألة ما إذا كان البابا فوق الإمبراطور، أو ما إذا كان الإمبراطور فوق البابا. This, however, did not settle the question whether the Pope was above the Emperor or the Emperor above the Pope. On this point there continued to be trouble throughout the Middle Ages. وقد استمرت المشاكل حول هذه النقطة طيلة العصور الوسطى. On this point there continued to be trouble throughout the Middle Ages. Everybody agreed that there must be one head to rule over the Church, and one head, above all kings and princes, to rule over the states of Europe; but they could not settle the relations which these two should bear to each other. ||||||一个|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||carry||| لقد اتفق الجميع على أنه يجب أن يكون هناك رأس واحد يحكم الكنيسة، ورأس واحد، فوق كل الملوك والأمراء، يحكم دول أوروبا؛ لكنهم لم يتمكنوا من تسوية العلاقات التي يجب أن تربط هذين الرأسين ببعضهما البعض. Everybody agreed that there must be one head to rule over the Church, and one head, above all kings and princes, to rule over the states of Europe; but they could not settle the relations which these two should bear to each other. Some said that the power of the Pope in the world was like the soul of a man, and power of the Emperor was like his body; but when the popes claimed that because the soul was above the body, the Papacy was above the Emperor, the emperors would not agree. قال البعض أن سلطة البابا في العالم مثل روح الرجل، وسلطة الإمبراطور مثل جسده؛ ولكن عندما ادعى الباباوات أنه بما أن الروح فوق الجسد، فإن البابوية فوق الإمبراطور، فإن الأباطرة لن يوافقوا. Some said that the power of the Pope in the world was like the soul of a man, and power of the Emperor was like his body; but when the popes claimed that because the soul was above the body, the Papacy was above the Emperor, the emperors would not agree. In one passage in the Bible, the apostles said to Christ: "Behold, here are two swords;" and Christ answered, "It is enough." |||||||||||看啊|||||||||| |||||||disciples||||look here|||||||||| في أحد مقاطع الكتاب المقدس، قال الرسل للمسيح: "هوذا سيفان"، فأجاب المسيح: "يكفي". In one passage in the Bible, the apostles said to Christ: "Behold, here are two swords;" and Christ answered, "It is enough." By the swords, it was said, was meant the power of the Pope, and the power of the Emperor. ||||||是|||||||||||| ويقال إن السيوف كانت تعني قوة البابا وقوة الإمبراطور. By the swords, it was said, was meant the power of the Pope, and the power of the Emperor. 据说，剑代表着教皇的权力和皇帝的权力。 Those in favor of the Papacy tried to explain that both the swords were in Peter's hands, and that as Peter was the founder of the Papacy, Christ meant both powers to be under the Pope. 那些||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||supporting||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| حاول المؤيدون للبابوية أن يشرحوا أن السيفين كانا في يد بطرس، وبما أن بطرس هو مؤسس البابوية، فإن المسيح كان يقصد أن تكون القوتين تحت سيطرة البابا. Those in favor of the Papacy tried to explain that both the swords were in Peter's hands, and that as Peter was the founder of the Papacy, Christ meant both powers to be under the Pope. 支持教皇制的人试图解释说，两把剑都在彼得的手中，而彼得是教皇制的创始人，基督的意思是这两种权力都在教皇之下。 To this those who favored the Empire would not agree. ||||supported||||| وهذا ما لن يوافق عليه أولئك الذين فضلوا الإمبراطورية. To this those who favored the Empire would not agree. 对此，支持帝国的人不同意。 When Frederick Barbarossa was Emperor there was another long quarrel; and one of the Pope's officers tried to show that Frederick held the Empire as a "benefice" from the Pope, just as a vassal held his land as a benefice from his lord. ||||||||||||||教皇的||||||||||||封地|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||papal||||||||||||fief|||||||||||||||| ||||імператор|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| عندما كان فريدريك بارباروسا إمبراطورًا كان هناك مشاجرة طويلة أخرى؛ وحاول أحد ضباط البابا إظهار أن فريدريك كان يحتفظ بالإمبراطورية باعتبارها "منفعة" من البابا، تمامًا كما يحتفظ التابع بأرضه باعتبارها منفعة من سيده. When Frederick Barbarossa was Emperor there was another long quarrel; and one of the Pope's officers tried to show that Frederick held the Empire as a "benefice" from the Pope, just as a vassal held his land as a benefice from his lord. This claim raised such an outburst of anger from the Germans, that the Pope was obliged to explain it away. |||||爆发|||||||||||||| |||||reaction|||||||||||||| |||||вибух емо|||||||||||||| وقد أثار هذا الادعاء موجة من الغضب لدى الألمان، مما اضطر البابا إلى تفسيره. This claim raised such an outburst of anger from the Germans, that the Pope was obliged to explain it away.

The last great struggle between the Papacy and Empire came when Frederick II., the grandson of Frederick Barbarossa, was Emperor. ||伟大的||||||||||||||||| كان الصراع الكبير الأخير بين البابوية والإمبراطورية عندما أصبح فريدريك الثاني، حفيد فريدريك بارباروسا، إمبراطورًا. The last great struggle between the Papacy and Empire came when Frederick II., the grandson of Frederick Barbarossa, was Emperor. Frederick II. فريدريك الثاني. Frederick II. ruled not only over Germany and Northern Italy, but over Southern Italy as well. لم يحكم ألمانيا وشمال إيطاليا فحسب، بل حكم جنوب إيطاليا أيضًا. ruled not only over Germany and Northern Italy, but over Southern Italy as well. His mother was the heiress of the last of the Norman kings in Italy; and from her Frederick inherited the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. ||||女继承人|||||||||||||||||||| ||||inheritance holder|||||||||||||||||||| ||||спадкоєми|||||||||||||||||||| كانت والدته وريثة آخر الملوك النورمان في إيطاليا، ومن بعدها ورث فريدريك مملكة الصقليتين. His mother was the heiress of the last of the Norman kings in Italy; and from her Frederick inherited the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The pope was afraid that the Emperor might try to get Rome also, so a quarrel soon broke out. ||||||||||得到|||||||| كان البابا خائفًا من أن الإمبراطور قد يحاول الاستيلاء على روما أيضًا، لذلك اندلع الشجار قريبًا. The pope was afraid that the Emperor might try to get Rome also, so a quarrel soon broke out.

Frederick had taken the cross and promised to go on a crusade. ||拿||||承诺去||||| لقد أخذ فريدريك الصليب ووعد بالذهاب في حملة صليبية. Frederick had taken the cross and promised to go on a crusade. When he delayed doing this, the Pope excommunicated him for not going. ||postponed||||||||| وعندما تأخر في القيام بذلك، طرده البابا من الكنيسة لعدم ذهابه. When he delayed doing this, the Pope excommunicated him for not going. Frederick at last was ready, and went to the Holy Land. وأخيرًا أصبح فريدريك مستعدًا، وذهب إلى الأراضي المقدسة. Frederick at last was ready, and went to the Holy Land. Then the Pope excommunicated him a second time for going without getting the excommunication removed. ||||||||||||||excommunication removal |||відлучив||||||||||| ثم حرمه البابا مرة ثانية لعدم حصوله على رفع الحرمان الكنسي. Then the Pope excommunicated him a second time for going without getting the excommunication removed. In the Holy Land Frederick had great trouble with the Pope's friends because he was excommunicated. ||||||很大的||||||||| |||||||||||||||excluded from church وفي الأرض المقدسة واجه فريدريك مشاكل كبيرة مع أصدقاء البابا لأنه تم طرده من الكنيسة. In the Holy Land Frederick had great trouble with the Pope's friends because he was excommunicated. At last he made a treaty by which he recovered Jerusalem from the Mohammedans, and returned home Then he was excommunicated a third time. |||||agreement|||||||||||||||||| |||||договор|||||||||||||||||| وأخيراً عقد معاهدة استعاد بموجبها القدس من المسلمين، وعاد إلى وطنه، ثم طُرد للمرة الثالثة. At last he made a treaty by which he recovered Jerusalem from the Mohammedans, and returned home. Then he was excommunicated a third time. It seemed as if there was nothing that he could do that would please the Pope. 它|||||||||能够|||||| وبدا الأمر كما لو أنه لم يكن هناك شيء يستطيع فعله من شأنه أن يرضي البابا. It seemed as if there was nothing that he could do that would please the Pope.

For a while peace was made between the Pope and Emperor; but it did not last long. لفترة من الوقت تم التوصل إلى سلام بين البابا والإمبراطور، ولكن هذا السلام لم يدم طويلا. For a while peace was made between the Pope and Emperor; but it did not last long. The Papacy could never be content so long as the Emperor ruled over Southern Italy. ||可能||是||因此|||||||| لم يكن من الممكن للبابوية أن ترضى أبدًا طالما ظل الإمبراطور يحكم جنوب إيطاليا. The Papacy could never be content so long as the Emperor ruled over Southern Italy. A new quarrel broke out; and this time it lasted until Frederick's death in the year 1250. |||||||||||弗雷德里克的|||| |||||||||||Frederick's|||| اندلع نزاع جديد؛ واستمر هذه المرة حتى وفاة فريدريك في عام 1250. A new quarrel broke out; and this time it lasted until Frederick's death in the year 1250. After that, the struggle continued until the Papacy was completely victorious, and Frederick's sons and grandson were slain, and Southern Italy was ruled by a king who was not, also, the ruler of Germany. |||||||||||||||||slain|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||вбиті|||||||||||||||| وبعد ذلك، استمر الصراع حتى انتصرت البابوية بشكل كامل، وقُتل أبناء فريدريك وحفيده، وحكم جنوب إيطاليا ملك لم يكن، أيضًا، حاكمًا لألمانيا. After that, the struggle continued until the Papacy was completely victorious, and Frederick's sons and grandson were slain, and Southern Italy was ruled by a king who was not, also, the ruler of Germany. Thus the Papacy was left completely victorious over the Empire. As a result||||||||| وبذلك أصبحت البابوية منتصرة بشكل كامل على الإمبراطورية. Thus the Papacy was left completely victorious over the Empire. For nearly a quarter of a century there was then no real Emperor in Germany; and when at last one was chosen he was careful to leave Italy alone. ||一个|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ولمدة ربع قرن تقريبًا لم يكن هناك إمبراطور حقيقي في ألمانيا؛ وعندما تم اختيار إمبراطور أخيرًا، حرص على ترك إيطاليا وحدها. For nearly a quarter of a century there was then no real Emperor in Germany; and when at last one was chosen he was careful to leave Italy alone. "Italy," said he, "is the den of the lion. |||||窝||| |||||lair||| |||||гніздо||| "إيطاليا"، كما قال، "هي عرين الأسد". "Italy," said he, "is the den of the lion. I see many tracks leading into it, but there are none coming out." |||||进入||||||| |||trails||||||||| أرى العديد من المسارات المؤدية إليه، ولكن لا يوجد أي مسار يخرج منه. I see many tracks leading into it, but there are none coming out." From this time on the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire comes more and more to be merely the ruler over Germany. ||时间|||||||||变得|||||||||| منذ ذلك الوقت فصاعدًا أصبح إمبراطور الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة مجرد حاكم لألمانيا بشكل متزايد. From this time on the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire comes more and more to be merely the ruler over Germany.

At about the same time the Popes began to make greater claims than ever. وفي نفس الوقت تقريبًا، بدأ الباباوات في تقديم ادعاءات أكبر من أي وقت مضى. At about the same time the Popes began to make greater claims than ever. One Pope, Boniface VIII., clothed himself in the imperial cloak, and with the scepter in his hand and a crown upon his head, cried: "I am Pope; I am Emperor!" |||||||||||||权杖|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||scepter|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||杖|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||септер|||||||||||||||| كان أحد الباباوات، بونيفاس الثامن، يرتدي عباءة إمبراطورية، ويحمل صولجانًا في يده وتاجًا على رأسه، ويصرخ: "أنا البابا؛ أنا الإمبراطور!" One Pope, Boniface VIII., clothed himself in the imperial cloak, and with the scepter in his hand and a crown upon his head, cried: "I am Pope; I am Emperor!" This could not last long. هذا لا يمكن أن يستمر طويلا. This could not last long. The Empire was gone, but there were now new national governments arising in France, England, and elsewhere, which were conscious of their strength. |||||||||||||||||这些||||| |||||||||||||||||||aware||| لقد اختفت الإمبراطورية، ولكن ظهرت الآن حكومات وطنية جديدة في فرنسا وإنجلترا وأماكن أخرى، والتي كانت مدركة لقوتها. The Empire was gone, but there were now new national governments arising in France, England, and elsewhere, which were conscious of their strength. Boniface soon got into a quarrel with Philip IV., of France about some money matters; and the way he was treated by the servants of the King showed that the old power of the popes was gone, equally with the power of the emperors. ||陷入|||||||||||金钱问题|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| سرعان ما دخل بونيفاس في مشاجرة مع فيليب الرابع ملك فرنسا حول بعض المسائل المالية؛ وأظهرت الطريقة التي عامله بها خدم الملك أن السلطة القديمة للباباوات قد اختفت، على قدم المساواة مع سلطة الأباطرة. Boniface soon got into a quarrel with Philip IV., of France about some money matters; and the way he was treated by the servants of the King showed that the old power of the popes was gone, equally with the power of the emperors. Boniface was seized at the little town in Italy where he was staying, was struck in the face with the glove of one of his own nobles, and was kept prisoner for several days. |被|||||||||||||||||||手套||||||||||||| ||captured||||||||||||hit||||||glove||||||||||||| تم القبض على بونيفاس في بلدة صغيرة في إيطاليا كان يقيم فيها، وضرب على وجهه بقفاز أحد نبلائه، وظل سجينًا لعدة أيام. Boniface was seized at the little town in Italy where he was staying, was struck in the face with the glove of one of his own nobles, and was kept prisoner for several days. Although he was soon released, the old Pope died in a few weeks,—of shame and anger, it was said. |||||||||||||因|||||| ورغم أنه تم إطلاق سراحه سريعًا، إلا أن البابا العجوز توفي في غضون أسابيع قليلة، - من العار والغضب، كما قيل. Although he was soon released, the old Pope died in a few weeks,—of shame and anger, it was said.

Nor was this the end of the matter. |||这|||| ولم يكن هذا هو نهاية الأمر. Nor was this the end of the matter. Within a few months the seat of the Papacy was changed from Rome to Avignon, on the river Rhone. ||||||||||||||Avignon|||| وفي غضون بضعة أشهر، تم تغيير مقر البابوية من روما إلى أفينيون، على نهر الرون. Within a few months the seat of the Papacy was changed from Rome to Avignon, on the river Rhone. There, for nearly seventy years, the popes remained under the influence of the kings of France. هناك، لمدة سبعين عامًا تقريبًا، بقي الباباوات تحت تأثير ملوك فرنسا. There, for nearly seventy years, the popes remained under the influence of the kings of France. When, at last, a Pope sought to remove the Papacy back to Rome, this led to new trouble. وعندما سعى أحد الباباوات أخيرًا إلى إبعاد البابوية وإرجاعها إلى روما، أدى هذا إلى مشاكل جديدة. When, at last, a Pope sought to remove the Papacy back to Rome, this led to new trouble. A great division or "schism" now arose, so that there were two popes instead of one; and all the nations of Europe were divided as to whether they should obey the Pope at Rome, or the one at Avignon. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||应该|||||||||| ||||split|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||розкол|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| وقد نشأ الآن انقسام أو "انشقاق" كبير، حتى أصبح هناك باباوان بدلاً من واحد؛ وانقسمت كل دول أوروبا بشأن ما إذا كان ينبغي لها أن تطيع البابا في روما، أو البابا في أفينيون. A great division or "schism" now arose, so that there were two popes instead of one; and all the nations of Europe were divided as to whether they should obey the Pope at Rome, or the one at Avignon. "All our West land," wrote an Englishman named Wiclif, "is with that one Pope or that other; and he that is with that one, hateth the other, with all his. ||||||||威克里夫||||||||||||||||恨着||||| ||||||||Wycliffe||||||||||||||||hates||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||ненавидить||||| كتب رجل إنجليزي يدعى ويكليف: "إن كل أرضنا الغربية مع هذا البابا أو ذاك؛ ومن كان مع هذا البابا فإنه يكره الآخر بكل ما يملك من قوة. "All our West land," wrote an Englishman named Wiclif, "is with that one Pope or that other; and he that is with that one, hateth the other, with all his. Some men say that here is the Pope at Avignon, for he was well chosen; and some men say that he is yonder at Rome, for he was first chosen." ||||||||||||||||||||他||那里||||||首先| ||||||||||||||||||||||over there||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||あそこ||||||| يقول بعض الناس أن البابا موجود هنا في أفينيون، لأنه تم اختياره بشكل جيد؛ ويقول بعض الناس أنه موجود هناك في روما، لأنه تم اختياره أولاً. Some men say that here is the Pope at Avignon, for he was well chosen; and some men say that he is yonder at Rome, for he was first chosen." A council of the Church tried to end the schism; but it only made matters worse by adding a third Pope to the two that already existed. |||||||||||||使得||||||||||||| |||||||||division within church||||||||||||||||| حاول أحد مجمعات الكنيسة إنهاء الانقسام؛ ولكن الأمر لم يؤد إلا إلى تفاقم الأمور بإضافة بابا ثالث إلى الاثنين الموجودين بالفعل. A council of the Church tried to end the schism; but it only made matters worse by adding a third Pope to the two that already existed. At last, another and greater council was held; and there, after the schism had lasted for nearly forty years, all three popes were set aside, and a new one chosen whom all the nations accepted. |||||||||||||||||||所有三位||||||||||||||| وأخيرا، انعقد مجمع آخر أعظم؛ وفي هذا المجمع، بعد أن استمر الانشقاق ما يقرب من أربعين عاما، تم عزل الباباوات الثلاثة، واختير باباوات جديدون قبلتهم كل الأمم. At last, another and greater council was held; and there, after the schism had lasted for nearly forty years, all three popes were set aside, and a new one chosen whom all the nations accepted.

So, at last, the Papacy was re-united and restored to Rome. وهكذا، في النهاية، تم إعادة توحيد البابوية وإعادتها إلى روما. So, at last, the Papacy was re-united and restored to Rome. But it never recovered entirely from its stay at Avignon, and from the Great Schism. ولكنها لم تتعافَ أبدًا تمامًا من إقامتها في أفينيون ومن الانشقاق العظيم. But it never recovered entirely from its stay at Avignon, and from the Great Schism. The power of the popes was never again as great as it had been before the quarrel between Boniface VIII. ولم تعد سلطة الباباوات أبدًا إلى نفس القدر من العظمة التي كانت عليها قبل الخلاف بين بونيفاس الثامن وروما. The power of the popes was never again as great as it had been before the quarrel between Boniface VIII. and the King of France. وملك فرنسا. and the King of France. The Papacy had triumphed over the Empire, but it could not triumph over the national kingdoms. |||胜利|||||||||||| |||succeeded|||||||||||| لقد انتصرت البابوية على الإمبراطورية، ولكنها لم تستطع الانتصار على الممالك الوطنية. The Papacy had triumphed over the Empire, but it could not triumph over the national kingdoms. "We look on Pope and Emperor alike," said a writer in the fifteenth century, who soon became Pope himself, "as names in a story, or heads in a picture." ||||||||一个||||||||||||名字|||||||| ||||||similar|||||||||||||||||||||| "نحن ننظر إلى البابا والإمبراطور على حد سواء"، هذا ما قاله أحد الكتاب في القرن الخامس عشر، والذي سرعان ما أصبح البابا نفسه، "كأسماء في قصة، أو رؤوس في صورة". "We look on Pope and Emperor alike," said a writer in the fifteenth century, who soon became Pope himself, "as names in a story, or heads in a picture." Thenceforth there was no ruler whom all Christendom would obey. From that point||||||||| ومنذ ذلك الحين لم يعد هناك حاكم يمكن لجميع المسيحيين أن يطيعوه. Thenceforth there was no ruler whom all Christendom would obey. The end of the Middle Ages, indeed, was fast approaching. |||||||是|| لقد كان نهاية العصور الوسطى تقترب بسرعة. The end of the Middle Ages, indeed, was fast approaching. The modern times, when each nation obeys its own kings, and follows only its own interests, were close at hand. ||||||服从||||||||||||| ||||||follows||||||||||||| لقد كان العصر الحديث، حيث كل أمة تطيع ملوكها، وتتبع مصالحها الخاصة فقط، على وشك أن يأتي. The modern times, when each nation obeys its own kings, and follows only its own interests, were close at hand.